![]() Additionally, the traditional speed-threshold approach was shown to provide similar external load compared to P met. However, this model was questioned since it may underestimate the actual net energy demand of soccer-specific exercises. While it is difficult to measure directly the exact energy cost of changing speed, a metabolic power calculation based on a theoretical model has been used to estimate the energy cost of locomotion in team sports. The metabolic power ( P met) approach has been recently proposed as a tool to estimate the energetic demands of variable-speed and accelerated/decelerated locomotion activities typically seen in team sports. These conflicting findings suggest that further investigation is needed. Although TD, HIRD and TSD were found to be higher in SSG-P than SSG-G using the same pitch size, other studies found lower HIRD in 3-a-side SSG-P than SSG-G, no differences in TSD in 3-a-side vs 5-a-side SSG-P than SSG-G or higher TSD and lower Acc/Dec in SSG-G compared to SSG-P. Similarly, higher HIRD was found comparing 3-a-side, 5- and 7-a-side SSG-P than SSG-G. Some authors reported higher TD and distances covered at different speed-thresholds during 2-, 3- and 4-a-side SSG-P than SSG-G. Lastly, SSGs can be performed with (SSG-G) or without goalkeepers (SSG-P), when the aim is to out-score the opponent team or to maintain ball possession as long as possible, respectively. To possibly combine the pitch size and number of players, the area per player (ApP, expressed as m 2 Conversely, when pitch size is reduced or the number of players is increased, players get more ball touches but they have not the space to reach the high-speed running, and the total distance covered is rather characterized by acceleration and deceleration (Acc/Dec). ![]() Increments in pitch size or reduction in the number of players increases total distance (TD) covered, total high-intensity running distance (HIRD) and total sprint distance (TSD). In small- or large-sided games (SSGs), the manipulation of pitch size, number of players per team, goalkeeper presence and technical rules modulate the soccer-specific demands depending on the aims of each practice session. To assess these demands, contemporary player-tracking technologies such as global positioning system (GPS) or semi-automatic video-based multi-camera image system (MCIS), are typically used. ![]() Small- or large-sided games are frequently used to replicate the soccer-specific match demands in terms of technical proficiency, tactical awareness, speed, acceleration/deceleration, and endurance performance. This imply manipulating SSGs using higher or lower ApP, the presence of the goalkeeper or design specific rules to increase or decrease the position-specific demands with respect to the desired external load outcomes. The current results may be used to gain knowledge of the SSGs relative to the match demands. In SSG-P, central defenders need lower area-per-player (ES: -6.01/-0.92) to overall replicate the match demands compared to all other positions. Central-midfielders required higher area-per-player than central-defenders and wide-midfielders. In SSG-G, forwards required higher area-per-player than central-defenders, wide-midfielders and wide-defenders. The area-per-player needed to replicate the official match demands was largely higher in SSG-G vs SSG-P for total distance, high-intensity running distance and metabolic power, but similar for sprint distance with direction of larger area-per-player for sprint distance > high-intensity running > total distance ≌ metabolic power for both SSG-G and SSG-P. A between-position comparison was also performed. A total of 2565 individual samples for SSGs using different pitch sizes and different number of players were collected and classified as SSGs with (SSG-G) or without goalkeeper (SSG-P). Time-motion analysis was performed on twenty-five elite soccer-players during 26 home-matches.
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